Americans and the Industrial Revolution essays

Americans and the Industrial Revolution essays Americans faced many hardships during the turn of the century. As our Nation was adjusting to the new technological advances they were making during the Industrial Revolution, it seems that some people were simply looked over in this new rat race. There were many problems that accompanied the new century, perhaps one of the largest though, was the expansion and dominance of big businesses. As though it may seem that large businesses may be a good thing, because of our dependence on them today, we simply werent ready for them a hundred years ago. Many big businesses had created monopolies, used Taylorism, and caused what was called a boom bust economy. These three events also forced many people to try and resolve these problems associated with the tremendous rise of big business. In search for great power, and the will to expand, many businesses created large monopolies, meaning that all markets are dominated by one or two firms. For example, by 1900, approximately 98% of the oil industry was owned solely by Standard Oil Company. Because Standard Oil owned so much and people depended on this resource, this company could charge a little or as much as they wanted, with no worries of losing business, merely because people had no where else to go. Another problem with monopolies is that it leaves very little room for smaller business to run, so the small business that were once relied upon, are now out of production. Big companies also used a method called Taylorism to stay in control. Taylorism, named after a man called Fredrick Winslow Taylor, facilitated unskilled labor by copying what skilled labors knew and breaking it down into small simple jobs that anyone can do, much like an assembly line. By using unskilled laborers companies assured their power over the people because they had no skill and could go nowhere else for a job. Even if they tried, it was no problem because they were easy to replace....

Prometheus - Profile of the Greek Titan

Prometheus - Profile of the Greek Titan Prometheus DetailsPrometheus Profile Who Is Prometheus?: Prometheus is one of the Titans from Greek mythology. He helped create (and then befriend) mankind. He gave humans the gift of fire even though he knew Zeus would not approve. As a result of this gift, Prometheus was punished as only an immortal could be. Family of Origin: Iapetus the Titan was the father of Prometheus and Clymene the Oceanid was his mother. The Titans Roman Equivalent: Prometheus was also called Prometheus by the Romans. Attributes: Prometheus is often shown chained, with an eagle plucking out his liver or his heart. This was the punishment he suffered as a result of defying Zeus. Since Prometheus was immortal, his liver grew back every day, so the eagle could have feasted on it daily for eternity. Powers: Prometheus had the power of forethought. His brother, Epimetheus, had the gift of afterthought. Prometheus created man from water and earth. He stole skills and fire from the gods to give to man. Sources: Ancient sources for Prometheus include: Aeschylus, Apollodorus, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Hesiod, Hyginus, Nonnius, Plato, and Strabo.

The evolution of the Humanitarian Intervention doctrine with a focus Dissertation

The evolution of the Humanitarian Intervention doctrine with a focus on the most important developments of post 90's - Dissertation Example No, doubt the notion for HI has received some flash light in recent years but the inclination trend has been notifies only among western countries while G-77 which consists of 133 states and among them 122 states have rejected the doctrine of humanitarian intervention. Endorsing humanitarian intervention has been controversial only due to the lack of consensus and willingness about the legitimacy and legality of this doctrine which has contained HI doctrine. Regarding the practice of Humanitarian Intervention during 1990s in Iraq, Haiti, Rwanda Bosnia, Chechnya and Somalia showered the interests and willingness of Security Council to sanction Chapter VII of the UN Charter for enforcing operations in reaction to interior conflicts and human rights abuses but in purview of disorder to international peace and security and yet the authorization and legitimacy remained in function of the authorization from SC and use of force was called justified and legal. However, this harmony among per manent member states of the Security Council does not represent the voice of the global community. Although this harmonization among permanent member states was apparently dissipated during the crisis when China and Russia showed intentions for rejection of the resolution for humanitarian intervention which later was conducted by NATO without any authorization from the Council. This illustration of use of force against the norms of the International Law provoked another frenzied debate about whether this unilateral military action was symptomatic of the legality of humanitarian interventions which has not been authorized by the Security Council. Undeniably, the Kosovo intrusion was questionable which aggravated the present niggle with this regime because it was inimitable and it raised the problems of the legitimacy while some analysts asserted that this use of force against humanitarian violence was a new emerging norm and custom of International Law by which states practice use of force to eliminate human rights violations , on the other hand some scholars simply admitted the fact that this humanitarian intervention can gradually be accepted as legal and justified practice because considering the sufferings of Albanians it can be sanctioned as legitimate. 25 Humanitarian intervention in Kosovo soon became the renowned action of NATO against human rights violations, which then ended up with Independent International Commission on Kosovo (IICK) . No doubt that under the Article 51 and Article 52 of United Nations states that the ultimate legitimacy of any humanitarian intervention rests within the powers of Security Council. The purpose of this commission was to inquire the legitimacy of NATO’s intervention and analyse the implications of this intervention whether it can be declared legitimate or NATO’s actions require further punishment for its violation of UN Charter. Although the intervention was declared illegal but appropriate in accordance with International Law. However the Commission’s definition of legality turned seemingly narrow and irrespective of its illegalities, the commission focused exclusively on the moral and ethical aspects besides respecting the preferences of super power USA under whose

Comparisons and contrasts between the educational systems of Japan and Essay

Comparisons and contrasts between the educational systems of Japan and Britain - Essay Example Dearden (1998) points out that there is significant annual return for an individual who has earned extra years in education: 9.3% for women and 5.5% for men. Japan and the United Kingdom (UK) are two strong economies that would benefit from educating their respective people. Japan, a strong industrial economy in Asia, capitalizes much on the Japanese workforce to propel its economy further and stay competitive amongst nations. The UK, on the other hand, capitalizes as well on its workforce to maintain its strong competitive stance in the world market. This paper attempts to compare and contrast the educational systems of these two nations basing only on the basic general education of both countries. It is limited to the basic comparison and contrast and does not go further into the technical and other aspects of education. In the UK education system, education is compulsory for eleven years. Starting from age five, children attend Primary School in state-run schools until the age eleven. After which, from age eleven to sixteen, they go to Comprehensive School, still in state-run schools. There are also the so-called Grammar Schools, which are secondary schools for students aged eleven to eighteen. Entry to these Grammar Schools is rather stringent, controlled as they are by academically selective process consisting largely by written examinations. This is mainly to prepare the students for further education at any college or university after finishing the Grammar School. privately-run schools, which ironically, are called officially in the UK as Public Schools. These Public Schools are regarded as elite-oriented because they charge fees, they are usually prestigious and historic, do not arbitrarily restrict admissions, and are mostly funded by groups and institutions other than the state, commonly as private charitable trusts. Also, most of these schools are boarding schools. They admit students aged thirteen to eighteen. On the contrary, Japan

Franchisees are an important source of innovation Article

Franchisees are an important source of innovation - Article Example Next, it contemplates on how innovation has become a complex question and tries to explain it through the various models of innovation. Lastly, the various sources through which a franchising organization can practice innovation have been discussed. The franchising organization is one in which the franchisee has purchased the rights to use the business methods, ideas and values that the franchisor has built for his company, organization, product or shop. It is like a person sells his business philosophy to another. The franchisee usually opens up the franchise in some other geographical location than the one where the original brand exists. This actually lays the foundation for the franchisee to use innovation within the franchise. When the franchise will be in a different geographical location, the customers who will be coming to that franchise will be totally different, culture-wise, social-wise, and behavioural-wise. Thus, to bring changes within the franchise system would become easy. Examples of franchises are McDonalds (the food industry), Benetton (the clothing industry), the Starbucks (the food industry), television shows like Pop Idol, Who Wants to be a Millionaire (the media industry), Body Shop (the cosmetics industry), Onebiz Group (consultancy franchisee) and others. Therefore, be it be any industry, the franchising option is available to all and sundry. This is because franchising is a form of business beneficial to both the franchisee and the franchisor. The franchisee-franchisor relationship is complex, yet it is made up of basic components. Some of the basics of the brands of the franchisor need to be the same, so as to not eliminate the essence of the original brand. The various rights that the franchisee gets are that he can distribute the products of the franchisor, use the same techniques which they use to produce the products or market them. Moreover, even trademarks and patents are shared, since the franchisee becomes a representative of the franchisors product in some other geographical region. But when it comes to the invaluable intangible goods like trademarks and patents, the franchisee has to pay a certain amount of monthly fees for using them. This fee is separate from the fees that has to be paid for such rights in the first place. (Cox, 2007) Training is also one of the major things which the franchisor makes available to the franchisee as part of the rights that he gets. The franchisee-franchisor agreements will co ntinue for minimum five years and maximum thirty years, after which the agreement will have to be renewed, if felt suitable by both the parties. In cases where the franchisee does misuse of the rights granted to him by the franchisor, the agreement has such clauses through which it can be easily terminated, for the benefit of the franchisor. INNOVATION In a world of intense competition, where companies are going global and where numerous companies are making strenuous efforts to get the attention of the consumer, it is immensely important to differentiate oneself from the rest so as to become noticeable. Consumers are the one who decide the brand or the company which is the market leader. It is the sales of the product which will ultimately make a product gain market share and then declare itself as the market leader, chosen by the customers themselves. For this purpose, it is extremely essential to get inside the minds of the consumer so as to

Applications of Radioactivity in Medicine

Applications of Radioactivity in Medicine Introduction A radioactive element is an element with an unstable nucleus, which radiates alpha, beta or gamma radiation and gets converted to a stable element. Both radioisotopes and enriched stable isotopes are essential to a wide variety of applications in medicine, where they are used in the diagnosis and treatment of illnesses. In addition, extensive applications of isotopes in biomedical research finds wide parallel uses in research chemistry, physics, biology and geosciences, with additional needs existing in the commercial sector. HISTORY Radioactivity arrived on the scene of the world in the 19th century, just when people thought they knew everything in science. With its discovery in 1896, radioactivity opened a box of many questions and revealed a new world, waiting to be explored in the microcosm of the atomic nucleus. Radioactivity also helped in answering the questions which were not yet known. This helped science in many fields. WHAT MAKES AN ELEMENT RADIOACTIVE? There are three kinds of particles inside an atom: that is protons, neutrons and electrons. The nucleus contains the above mentioned two particles i.e. protons and neutrons. The region beyond the nucleus contains electrons that balance out the charge of the protons. The number of protons is equal to the number of neutrons that is why the atomic weight is twice the atomic number. Since like charges repel each other which results a force that tries to push the electrons and protons apart. If the ratio of protons to the neutrons is not within certain limits then the proton can not be held firmly together which leads to the formation of an unstable nucleus. Making the isotopes of some elements radioactive. For example, carbon, the element found in all living things has a chemical symbol C. the normal form has an atomic weight of 12 and is written as carbon-12, but the radioactive version has two extra neutrons, so the symbol iscarbon-14. As we shall see, the radioactive form behaves chemically just like the non-radioactive form, although one shall never change into the other. There are three kinds of radioactivity each with different radiation type. RADIOACTIVITY Radioactivity is a very interesting phenomenon in nature. Classical Electromagnetism cannot explain radioactivity. Its a spontaneous and random phenomenon whereby nuclei of certain chemical elements like Uranium, radiate gamma rays, beta particles and alpha particles. By the emission of these particles and radiation, the unstable nucleus gets converted into a stable nucleus. This is called RADIOACTIVE DECAY. Radioactivity was accidentally discovered by HENRI BECQUEREL. Scientists like Madam Curie and her husband Pierre also worked hard to isolate other radioactive elements such as Polonium and Radium. Knowledge of radioactivity helped scientists to work out the structures of atoms. USES OF RADIOACTIVITY We could not do without radioactive materials in todays world, even if we wanted to. We rely on these radioactive elements every day to make us healthier, to help supply necessities like food and electricity, keep us safer, help us to protect our environment, add fun and convenience to our lives and help us learn more about our world. Radioisotopes have found a large number of applications. Some of them are as follows: Medical Diagnosis Generate Electricity Synthesis of new elements Preservation of food Smoke detectors and many more RADIOACTIVITY IN MEDICINE Ionizing radiations has many beneficial uses as they can be used for the diagnosis and for the curing of many diseases. Since infected cells can be killed by these radiations. Hence they are widely used in caner treatments. Radioactive isotopes are commonly used in medicine, which help the physicians to know more about the body structures. For the treatment of cancers radioisotopes are commonly used which require destruction of harmful cells causing these type of diseases. Although nuclear medicine started its clinical origin in the 1930 decade, the invention of gamma scintillation camera by an American engineer Hal Anger in the mid of 1950s, though, this invention brought an important turn back in medicine imaging Radioactive isotopes also allow excellent quality imaging of bones, heart, liver and many parts of our body. Gamma ray emitted tracers are used in large number of diagnostic procedures in nuclear medicine. These traces are formed due to the bonding of radioisotopes having short life period with chemical compounds that allow the targeting of a particular body regions or physiologic processes. Emitted gamma rays can be detected by gamma cameras and computer enhancement of the resulting images allows quick and relatively non-invasive assessments of trauma or physiological impairments. CANCER which is a process of rapid growth of cells gets damaged by radio isotopic radiations. Somehow, some cancerous growth of cells can be eliminated or restricted by the use of radioisotope radiations. The most common forms of external radiations therapy is use of the gamma radiations and X-rays. During the last half of the twentieth century the radioisotope Cobalt-60 was most commonly used source of radiation used in such treatments. Today thousands of hospitals all over the world use radioisotopes in medicine, and about 90% of the procedures are used for diagnosis. Technetium-99 is the most common isotope used in diagnosis, with some 30 million procedures in a year, accounting for 80% of all nuclear medicine procedures all over the world. ISOTOPS COMMONLY USED IN MEDICINE: There are about 20 radioactive isotopes used in medicine. Each isotope has its own use in this field. Some of them are: Chromium-51, cobalt 60, Erbium 169, Iodine-125, Iridium-192, Sodium-24, Xenon-133, Selenium-75, Strontium-89, Phosphorus-32 etc. Here is a list of isotopes with there half life period and uses: Chromium-51: Half life period 28 days Purpose: Used to label red blood cells and quantify gastro- intestinal protein loss. Cobalt-60: Half life period is 10.5 months Purpose: Formerly used for external beam radiotherapy. Erbium-169 Half life period is 9.4 days Purpose: Use for relieving arthritis pain in synovial joints. Iodine-125 Half life period is 60 days Purpose: Used in cancer Brach therapy (prostate and brain), also diagnostically to evaluate the filtration rate of kidneys and to diagnose deep vein thrombosis in the leg. It is also widely used in radioimmunology- assays to show the presence of hormones in tiny quantities. Iodine-131 Half life period is 8 days Purpose: Widely used in treating thyroid cancer and in imaging the thyroid; also in diagnosis of abnormal liver function, renal (kidney) blood flow and urinary tract obstruction. A strong gamma emitter, but used for beta therapy. Iodine used for curing thyroid cancer Iridium-192 half life period is 74 days Purpose: Supplied in wire form for use as an internal radiotherapy source for cancer treatment (used then removed). Sodium-24 Half life period is 15 hours Purpose: For studies of electrolytes within the body. Xenon-133 Half life period is 5 days Purpose: Used for pulmonary (lung) ventilation studies. Phosphorus-32 Half life period is14 days Purpose: Used in the treatment of polycythemia Vera (excess red blood cells). Beta emitter. X-Rays are used to examine the internal parts of the body that is bones to see the fractures. Applications of X-Rays: Radiography: Radiography is used to diagnose the ailment and diseases of the internal and hidden parts of the body using x-rays. Fluoroscopy: Fluoroscopy is a type of medical imaging that shows a continuous x-ray image on a monitor. Digital Subtraction Angiography: Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) is used to image blood vessels. Computerized Axial Tomography: A computerized axial tomography scan is an x-ray procedure that combines many x-ray images with the aid of a computer to generate cross-sectional views and, if needed, three-dimensional images of the internal organs and structures of the body. Mammography: Mammography is a special type of x-ray that is used for the detailed images of breast. Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy), high-energy rays are used to damage cancer cells and stop them from growing and dividing. A specialist in radiation therapy is called a radiation oncologist. Uses of Radioactive Materials in Medical Research Used in Biomedical researches: The Radioactive isotopic materials are very essential in curing many dreadful diseases like AIDS, cancer and Alzheimers disease. In Pharmaceutical drug testing: The U.N. Food and Drug Administration require all new pharmaceutical drugs to be tested for safety and effectiveness. More than about 80 percent of those drugs are tested with radioactive materials. One of the most important tests is to determine if the pharmaceutical is going to the other parts of the body than the desired or intended target and what effect it can cause to the parts where it is not needed. By adding a radioactive tag to the pharmaceutical, researchers can pinpoint all the parts of the body and the concentration that accumulates non-targeted areas. From this they can determine if there is likelihood of adverse reactions in other parts of the body. Metabolic Research: Radionuclide is used extensively in metabolic studies and genetic engineering. Chemical Reaction Imaging: the latest single photon emission typography (SPET) on positron emission tomography (PET) enable scientists to watch colour images of chemical reactions in living tissue and, in particular, to trace opioid molecules- naturally occurring morphine-type drugs which eliminate pain within the brain. Side Effects of Radiation The form of the energies that are released from these elements in radiation therapy is often administered by machine. The machine aims those radiations at the cancer. Radioactive substances can also be kept inside the body of a person. These types of treatments can cause many side effects. These side effects may include: hair loss nausea vomiting swelling difficulty swallowing urinary and bladder changes The side effects caused due to the treatment of the patient can last long for a certain period of time. It may be a period of two months, six months or even a year. So the patient has to bear some pains after or during the curing of fatal diseases like cancer using radiation therapy. Radioactive Waste Disposal: An Environmental Perspective Any activities that produce or use radioactive materials generate radioactive wastes. Various processes in medicine, scientific result and in all other fields produce bi products that include radioactive wastes. Radioactive waste can be in gas, liquid or solid form, and its level of radioactivity can vary. The waste can remain radioactive for a few hours or several months or even hundred or thousands of years. Because it can be hazardous and can remain radioactive for so long, finding suitable disposal facilities for radioactive wastes is very difficult. Depending on the type of waste disposed, the disposal facility may need to contain radiations for a very long time. Proper disposal is essential to ensure protection of the health and safety of the public and quality of the air, soil and water supplies. Radioactivity waste disposal practices have changed substantially over the last twenty years. Evolving environmental protection considerations have provided the impetus to improve disposal technologies, and, in some cases, clean up facilities that are no longer in use. Designs for new disposal facilities and disposal methods must meet environmental protection and pollution prevention standards that are stricter than were foreseen at the beginning of the atomic age. CONCLUSION One hundred years ago, a group of scientists unknowingly ushered in the atomic age. Driven by curiosity, these men and women explored the nature and also the functioning of atom. Their work initiated the paths of research which changed our understanding of the building blocks of matter. There discoveries prepared the way for development of new methods and tools used to explore our origins, the functioning of our bodies both in sickness and health, and much more. How did our conceptions of atomic properties change? How has that change affected our lives and our knowledge of world? Radiation is a two edged sword: its usefulness in both medicine and anthropological and archaeological studies is undisputed, yet the same materials can be used for destruction. Human curiosity drove inquiring scientists to harness the power of an atom. Now humankind must accept the responsibility for the appropriate and beneficial uses of this very powerful tool.

The Dynamic Use of Symbolism in Shampoo Planet Essay -- Shampoo Planet

The Dynamic Use of Symbolism in Shampoo Planet Douglas Coupland has been called the voice of Generation X by his critics because of his writing techniques, which deal mainly with youthful ideals. Most of his works involve young characters searching for truth and answers for their self-involved questions. Despite many of his novels having a dim outlook, he incorporates humor and optimism into them, which creates a balance between wittiness and mockery. In Shampoo Planet Tyler Johnson, the narrator, struggles to find his identity throughout the novel. This is portrayed through Coupland’s vivid use of imagery, which is abundant throughout the novel. Many of Tyler’s intellectual qualities help him adapt and cope with many of the situations he faces; but many of his emotional and moral qualities strive to change who he is and what he wants out of life. As Tyler’s outlook on life transforms, the vivid use of symbolism corresponds to his changing attitude. Tyler, a resident of Lancaster, Washington, lives with his hippie mother, Jasmine, and two siblings, Daisy and Mark. In search for excitement, he plans to take a summer vacation backpacking through Europe. Before his trip, he had a very comfortable relationship with Anna-Louise, a down to earth and very reserved girl attending the same college. However, in Europe, Tyler meets a French girl named Stephanie, who is very exotic and exciting to him and was the complete opposite of Anna-Louise. When Stephanie comes to visit Tyler in Lancaster, Anna-Louise learns of the brief affair Tyler and Stephanie had in Europe. Tyler then ends his relationship with Anna-Louise and moves to California with Stephanie. In the beginning of the novel, Tyler is seen as a relatively happy, care free, and motivated twenty year old man. As his life progresses, his attitude and outlook on life changes dramatically. In one passage from the beginning of the novel, Tyler states that â€Å"I have a plan†¦I have a good car and a wide assortment of excellent hair-care products. I know what I want from life; I have ambition.†(13). He has such excitement about what will happen in his life down the road. He claims that he wants to own a hotel when he gets older because â€Å"in a hotel room you have no history†¦You feel like you’re all potential waiting to be rewritten, like a crisp, blank sheet of 8  ½-by-11-inch white bond paper. There is ... ...ld they find? Turn on the shower.† (133). Tyler believes that if he keeps himself clean, then he will not become poor. His shampoo is his key to becoming what he wants to. Douglas Coupland’s use of symbolism in Shampoo Planet helps paint a vivid picture of Tyler and his struggles throughout his life. The extensive use of symbolism made the book more interesting and helped me relate to Tyler more as a person than a character. Tyler’s constant changing made the story unpredictable and less common; it held my interest enough to make me want to continue reading the novel. Even though Douglas Coupland is considered to be the voice of Generation X, many different generations can relate to its content and enjoy his works, both past and future generations. Coupland’s sarcastic way of writing gives the novel a comedic element which makes it more enjoyable to read. I liked his use of imagery, with passages such as â€Å"Tyler†¦you are my trailer park. And you, Anna-Louise, are my tornado.† (31). His sarcasm helped to keep me interested because, in my opinion, every book needs a source of comedy; Coupland’s source is h is ability to make fun of any situation and still keep a serious manner.

Advertising on a Global Scale Essay

When a company, brand, or product is marketed within several countries, a significantly different approach to advertising must be made opposed to if it was only being sold within one country. A company’s awareness of the international advertising can greatly affect how well a product is accepted by its target audience and how well it sells. The most important aspect of global advertising is an understanding of culture. This involves considering the language barriers, the cultural significance of images and signs, and the applicability that a certain product may have within different countries. Addressing these three factors, overall, can help to increase the appeal of a product or service; and it is essential that companies realize that implementing a standardized method of advertising is not always the most effective way to enter a foreign market. There have been several debates in regards to the regulation of global advertising. Two contrasting statements have been made—one that suggests that advertising standardization is the most profitable approach to international marketing, and another that promotes localization. Those who support the standardization method â€Å"†¦argue that standardizing advertising can help maintain a uniform global strategy and image of the firm, maximize the firm’s cost advantage and meet a universal need of people across the world† (Zou and Volz 2010: 57). The adaption method, however, stresses that differences and barriers between cultures, spoken languages, historical contexts, and socio-economic factors between various countries affects the way in which advertising messages are perceived and translated. It is therefore does not make sense to implement only one form of advertisement that is meant to span a variety of countries and cultures, because one single campaign cannot apply and appeal to every market worldwide. Perhaps the arguments in favor of standardizing international campaigns, particularly the language that is being used, stems from the fact that English has become the dominant language in the world. The majority of advertisers and other people who work in the global marketing industry speak English, regardless of what is their country of origin; and it appears as if many advertisers are beginning to apply this theory to the consumers. Despite the widespread use of English and the fact that is the most commonly used language in advertising worldwide, the concept of advertising standardization has been widely criticized in favor of adaptation. It is somewhat hasty to assume, after all, that all people worldwide are fluent in English, simply because most of those working in the business sector happen to speak the language. What about those in smaller towns or non-Western countries such as Cairo, Egypt? Egyptians who work in the tourist or hospitality industry are likely to speak English, but many of the average citizens—who are all potential consumers—will not necessarily speak English or be able to understand the writing. Studies have also shown that the use of a local language tends to appeal more to those who live in the area, especially within countries that perceive their spoken and written language to be a valuable part of their culture. Hornikx, Van Meurs, and De Boer write that â€Å"†¦ads that appeal to important cultural values (such as independence in the United States or loyalty in Mexico) should be more persuasive than ads that appeal to relatively unimportant cultural values (such as loyalty in the United States or independence in Mexico)† (2010: 171). Empirical studies have also proven that ads using the local language and cultural values of a country tend to be favored as opposed to those with a standardized language and advertising message (Hornikx, Van Meurs, and De Boer 2010: 171). Although it is clear that language adaption is important, the preference that locals have for their language does not imply that advertisers should not use English in foreign countries. They simply need to use English in a way that is effective in conveying the message behind a campaign, and have an understanding of how the English language is perceived in each particular market they are trying to enter. Among Chinese consumers who frequently purchase upscale or luxury goods, global advertising, brands, and products tend to be preferred over domestic good. This is because in Chinese culture, in particular, â€Å"†¦global advertising elements are valued as signs or surrogates for status, cosmopolitanism, excitement, modernity, quality, technology, and beauty† (Zou and Belk 2004: 71). If advertisers are going to use English, however, it is crucial that they simplify the language as much as possible in order to minimize the risk of misinterpretation. There is no point in using a standardized advertising campaign in China if nobody is going to understand what it says. In the Netherlands, the use of English slogans in advertising was also preferred to Dutch, so long as the slogans were easy to read and translate (Louhiala-Salminen and Rogerson-Revell 2010: 95). This shows how the use of English, in many countries, could actually be beneficial and profitable for a company; but since not all countries perceive English the same way, it is important for advertisers to understand how and English campaign will be accepted within their target market. English will not necessarily be preferred to the local language, nor will global brands necessarily be favored over domestic products— which proves that language adaptation should still be used in some situations as opposed to absolute language standardization. Along with deciding whether or not the local language should be used in an international advertising campaign, companies need to consider the visuals that they are using. What is the significance of the images within that culture? Could they possibly be negatively misinterpreted? What do the local consumers consider to be visually appealing? All of these factors, of course, differ between countries and cultures. Studies have shown that there is a significant difference between the way in which high-context cultures and low-context cultures interpret ads. These high-context cultures include China, Japan, the Mediterranean, and Arab nations, where a lot of information is left unspoken and messages are often coded. Low-context cultures, however, refer to the United States, Germany, the UK, and other Western European countries. In these countries, everything is relatively straight-forward and messages are made clear (An 2007: 307). An describes the findings from many studies, which all â€Å"†¦imply that the idea of employing advertising visuals that reflect the communication styles of a particular national market appears to be a promising strategy to effectively reach consumers around the world† (2007: 303). This suggests that multinational advertisers should seek to differentiate their visuals between Eastern and Western cultures if they wish to make a product or service appeal to the people. In the United States, for example, celebrities—from singers, to socialites, to athletes—dominate magazine pages, commercials, and billboards as the spokes models for various brands. This tends to attract the attention of the American public, as they recognize the celebrities and typically create a positive association between that celebrity and the product. In the Middle East, however, using a celebrity athlete to represent a box of cereal will not make that cereal appear any more appealing than if the box were blank. Advertisers, instead, must determine what will be visually pleasing to consumers in countries that have different values than those from more Western countries. In addition to finding what a will attract people in terms of advertising visuals, it is essential to be and respectful of cultural beliefs and customs. Consider countries in the Middle East, where Islam is a dominant part of society. This religion stresses modesty, especially amongst women. Kalliny et al describe how in countries such as Saudi Arabia, â€Å"†¦women are not allowed to walk in the streets with their faces uncovered†¦ [and there are] women wearing long clothing in 83 percent of Arabic magazine advertisements showing women, compared to the 29 percent in U. S. advertisements† (2008: 218). With female modesty being so important within certain cultures, it is extremely important that multinational advertisers be cautious about whether their visuals will be appropriate. It would not be a good choice, for example, for an advertiser to market a brand of women’s perfume in Saudi Arabia with an enormous billboard showing Britney Spears wearing a bikini and holding a bottle of perfume. This would be considered offensive and would not be beneficial for the popularity of a product. The Japanese cosmetics industry also presents an interesting example of the importance of visual marketing and how advertisers need to pay attention to what will efficiently sell a product. As the second largest market in the world in terms of cosmetics, it was estimated to be worth roughly 1. trillion yen back in 2003 (Barnes and Yamamoto 2008: 299). Research regarding what type of models Japanese women prefer in beauty campaigns indicated a surprising fact. Although white models are widely used in Japan, because they are considered to be the ideal form of beauty, Japanese women actually preferred to buy cosmetics that used Japanese models in the advertisements. Barnes and Yamamoto discuss how this is due to white models not being applicable to Japanese women in terms of physical beauty. The Japanese, for example, value fair complexions, while Westerners typically prefer tans. Additionally, â€Å"†¦since the Japanese facial structure is different from that of Westerners, they will not become similar in appearance if they use the same make-up as a Western model† (2008: 310). This proves how a choice of visual representation in an advertising campaign can greatly affect how a product is accepted within different countries, and how advertisers must adjust their images or models accordingly. As research within the Japanese beauty industry has shown, applicability is crucial in global advertising. If a product or service has no value, necessity, or appeal in a certain country, hen consumers will not purchase the product. An advertisement’s message and content, therefore, is important and can determine how much interest is generated amongst consumers. In one particular study involving 40 different advertising campaigns and 1200 consumers, the significance of content was examined. Van Den Putte states that the study indicates that â€Å"†¦after controlling for the effect of previous purchase behavior, the effect of message content strategy is generally larger than the effect of advertising expenditure† (2009: 669). This shows how it is not necessarily a campaign’s budget that determines the success of a product, but the message and content that it contains. Alcohol advertisements have been successful in tailoring their ads to suit the requirements of different countries and cultures. One example is the comparison of alcohol advertisements between the United Kingdom and Ukraine. Beefeater Dry Gin, a spirit brand that often appears in GQ magazine, markets their gin in Britain quite minimally. Their ad consists of a lime splashing into a bottle of gin, with the splash pattern forming the British flag. The slogan simply reads â€Å"Refreshingly London†, with one more line that says â€Å"Distilled in London since 1820† (Wolburg and Venger 2009: 15). That is all that is needed in order for British consumers to understand the product and find some sort of value in the liquor. In Ukraine, however, alcohol companies have to take a much different approach. Wolburg and Venger state that, because drinking has not been instilled as a cultural norm in Ukrainian society, â€Å"†¦marketers have had to educate Ukrainians about drinking various alcoholic beverages. Ads, magazine articles, and Web sites must not only teach Ukrainians how these drinks are prepared and consumed; they must also explain what makes certain brands authentic† (2009: 15). This involves the importance of cultural applicability—if alcohol advertisers do not understand the need to educate certain consumer markets about their product in detail, then consumers will not see a need for the product altogether. McDonalds has been one of the most successful companies in terms of launching their fast-food chains globally and adjusting their products and advertising campaigns to appeal to local consumers. In India, for example, many of the people do not eat beef; so to increase its appeal, McDonalds in India sells a lamb burger as part of its menu, and markets its fish fillet sandwich much more than it does in the United States. It also utilizes many small, local farmers and food suppliers in order to make the company seem more localized and appealing to the Indian consumer base (Sarin and Barrows 2005: 23). The original, American version of McDonalds would most likely have been unsuccessful in countries such as India if the company had not made some adjustments. If McDonalds in Indian maintained the same American menu, then the Indian public would undoubtedly not have been as accepting of the brand and its products. Not only was the company culturally sensitive to the dietary restrictions that many Indian people have due to religious meanings, but it also used local suppliers as an acculturation strategy. With a menu that conforms to the eating habits of India, along with the use of their own famers and suppliers, McDonalds has become well-adjusted to the global community and has effectively made itself applicable to a wide variety of cultures and consumers. Culture is the most important factor in any advertising campaign, regardless of its origin. Advertisers cannot simply use one campaign and expect it to be accepted, appealing, and applicable to every country. Standardization also forfeits the competitive edge that one brand may have over another if it is able to successfully integrate its product into a foreign market. Paying attention to the language, visuals, and significance of a product is essential in global advertising, and advertisers must alter their campaign in order to better suit the tastes and values of individual cultures.

Conductor Investigation Experiment Lab-Report Essays

Conductor Investigation Experiment Lab-Report Essays Conductor Investigation Experiment Lab-Report Paper Conductor Investigation Experiment Lab-Report Paper Conductor Investigation Experiment Labret Introduction This experiment is about to test how will the monochrome wire effect the ampere of the electric current. All the possible factor that will effect to the volt of the current The Length of the wire The Diameter of the wire Temperature Magnetism Aim To determine the effect of the length of the wire on the ampere of the electric current. Hypothesis Monochrome is an alloy(a metal made by combining two or more metallic elements) that is made out of 80% nickel and 20% chromium. I know that it is a resistant material that will slow electric current down, therefore, it will produce heat and some light. I think that the more monochrome wire that we use the ampere will be lower, I think that is because the longer the wire is, the more electricity that the wire will slow down. Apparatus Power Supply Wires (Leads) Alligator Clips Ammeter Monochrome Wire (20 Gauge)-(different length) (2 CM, 4 CM, 6 CM, 8 CM, 10 CM) Method 1 . Set up the power supply. 2. Connect the ammeter and the monochrome wire. Cut 5 different length of wire . 4. They all need to be 10 CM long. 5. Test the different length of the wires. 6. Record the results. I will measure the ampere that is shown on the ammeter Fair Testing Controlled variable :The same voltage from the power supply, same wires, alligator clips, ammeter. Independent variable : The length of the monochrome wire. Dependent variable: The ampere of the current. This is a fair test because there is only one thing that is diff erent in the experiment, which is the length of the chrome wire. When there is no monochrome wire in the circuit, it measures AAA when it is connected to a 2 CM wire, the amperes decreased to 3. AAA, when it is connected to a 10 CM wire, the amperes is AAA. That shows the length of the wire does effect the ampere of the circuit. The data above supported my hypothesis. I think this test is reliable, because it is a fair test, to make it more reliable, I can do mere trials to proof my results, When the monochrome wire is used, it will shows down the current and reduce heat and some light, therefore, the ampere will be lower. Evaluation The possible errors are the length of the wires are not measured correctly, because some of the monochrome wires are bended when we got it, it is vary hard to measure the length of the wire when it is bended. I can improve that by using new wires for the experiment. There are also not enough trials of this test, if there are more trials, the test will become more accreted. The further work can be also measuring the voltage and see if there are anything different.

ADR has been accorded a prominent role in Essays

ADR has been accorded a prominent role in Essays ADR has been accorded a prominent role in Essay ADR has been accorded a prominent role in Essay The Civil Procedure Rules were introduced in 1999 following Lord Woolf’s scrutiny of the civil justness system and his 1996 study, ‘Access to Justice.’ In this study, Lord Woolf identified a figure of jobs with the civil justness system. First, it was excessively expensive, instances were plagued by hold and clip bounds were on a regular basis ignored. Woolf besides identified inequality between litigators, more specifically, between the wealthy and those with fewer fiscal resources. The system was expensive, complex and confusing and this deterred many with a legitimate instance from conveying proceedings. In short, the system did non offer satisfactory entree to justness. Lord Woolf identified assorted rules by which the civil justness system should be governed. He argued that the system should be merely and just and trade with instances sensible rapidly at a sensible cost. In order to run into these aims, he recommended a figure of reforms including promoting the usage of alternate difference declaration ( ADR ) . In advancing the usage of ADR, Lord Woolf was admiting the fact that the tribunals are non ever the best forum in which to decide differences. The adversarial nature of the system makes for an intimidating ambiance, adding to the emphasis felt by the parties. The test, will necessarily intend that one party is on the losing side as the tribunal decides between them. Tests can besides convey unwanted promotion since most hearings will be in public. In the commercial sphere, there may good be a desire to maintain sensitive information out of the public sphere and ADR is one manner of making so. Lord Woolf sought to increase the usage of ADR and wanted judicial proceeding to be viewed as a last resort. As a consequence, regulation 1 ( 4 ) ( 2 ) ( vitamin E ) of the Civil Procedure Rules encourages its usage where appropriate. There are assorted different types of ADR including arbitration, conciliation and mediation. Mediation is a type of facilitated dialogue. It can be used to decide differences in many different countries including little claims, divorce and lodging instances. An independent and impartial 3rd party, the go-between, is appointed in order to help the parties to make a reciprocally acceptable decision to their difference. Mediation itself normally takes topographic point in a impersonal locale, frequently chosen by the parties. The usual construction is to get down by specifying the issues, researching the possible options and so holding a solution. The function of the go-between is to ease the procedure, assisting the parties to come on through each phase. There are different types of mediation that may be used by the parties. ‘Evaluative mediation’ involves the go-between measuring the legal strength of a instance, proposing possible results and directing the parties towards a solution. ‘Facilitative mediation’ , on the other manus, requires the go-between to play a less active function, regulating the procedure itself, instead than proposing possible results. Any understanding reached through mediation will non be lawfully adhering but will be considered as a contract between the parties, with the usual redresss available for breach. The usage of mediation has been facilitated by the CPR, as the increased work that is required to be completed anterior to the issue of a claim means that all parties are intelligent as to the issues involved and hence in a better place to measure the strength of their instance. As such, mediation is a more executable chance than it was under the old system. When this is added to the court’s responsibility under the overruling aim of the CPR to ‘actively manage’ instances, it could be said that the CPR goes beyond the encouragement of mediation into the kingdom of irresistible impulse. Indeed, in the instance of Kinstreet Ltd V Balmargo Corporation Ltd. [ 1999 ] , [ 1 ] the tribunal really ordered mediation despite the expostulation of one of the parties involved. The tribunals took a similar attack in Muman v Nagasena [ 2000 ] [ 2 ] and in the same twelvemonth, the instance of R ( Cowl ) v Plymouth City Council [ 2001 ] [ 3 ] was heard. It was the position of the tribunal that this instance should non hold been dealt with by manner of judicial proceeding but alternatively through mediation, with the lower limit of engagement by the tribunals. Indeed, Lord Woolf stated â€Å"Without the demand for the vast costs which must hold been incurred in this case†¦ the parties should hold been able to come to a reasonable decision as to how to dispose of the issues which divided them. If they could non make this without aid, so an independent go-between should hold been recruited to help. That would hold been a far cheaper class to follow. Today sufficient should be known about ADR to do the failure to follow it, in peculiar when public money is involved, indefensible.† [ 4 ] Clearly, in this instance, the position of the tribunal was that mediation was immensely preferred to the usage of judicial proceeding. Indeed, Lord Woolf maintained that the instance would hold served some intent if it made clear to attorneies that they should merely fall back to judicial proceeding if it is â€Å"really unavoidable.† [ 5 ] In Hurst V Leeming [ 2001 ] , [ 6 ] the claimant sued his barrister for professional carelessness. The tribunal held that there was no sensible chance of the instance succeeding and so entered judgement against him. The suspect had offered to travel to mediation at an early phase in the instance but the suspect barrister refused. Following the judgement, the issue of costs arose and specifically whether the claimant should run into the disbursals of the suspect given the refusal of mediation. The tribunal held that they key factor was whether the mediation had a existent chance of success. Since this was non found to be so on the facts, the tribunal decided that the defendant’s refusal to go to mediation was sensible and he was hence entitled to retrieve his costs from the claimant. The findings of the tribunal in this instance suggests that whilst the value of mediation was recognised, its usefulness must be viewed objectively and the tribunals will non promote it by punishin g a party who refuses the chance to take portion if there was no chance of the difference being resolved by it usage. In Dunnett v Railtrack Plc [ 2002 ] , mediation continued to be encouraged by the tribunals, with the recognition that â€Å"skilled go-betweens are now able to accomplish consequences satisfactory to both parties in many instances which are rather beyond the power of attorneies and tribunals to achieve.† [ 7 ] Again, mediation was encouraged in the instance of Cable A ; Wireless v IBM [ 2002 ] [ 8 ] , when it was stated by Mr Justice Colman that â€Å"There is now available a clearly recognised and well-developed procedure of difference declaration affecting sophisticated mediation techniques provided by trained go-betweens in conformity with processs designed to accomplish colony by the agencies most suited for the difference in question.† [ 9 ] This is clearly an indorsement of the mediation procedure and a certain a publicity of its usage. By the clip that the determination was made in Shirayama Shokusan Co Ltd V Danavo Ltd [ 2003 ] , [ 10 ] repeating that in both Kinstreet and Muman, it seemed as if the difficult line attack of the tribunals rendered engagement in mediation compulsory. The tribunals did, nevertheless retreat from this place in Halsey v Milton Keynes General NHS Trust [ 2004 ] [ 11 ] when an entreaty was made against the award of costs to the suspect who had refused several offers to intercede. Lord Justice Dyson declared that â€Å"It is one thing to promote the parties to hold to mediation, even to promote them in the strongest footings. It is another to order them to make so. It seems to us that to compel genuinely unwilling parties to mention their differences to mediation would be to enforce an unacceptable obstructor on their right of entree to the court.† [ 12 ] In instances since Halsey, including Burchell v Bullard A ; Others [ 2005 ] , [ 13 ] the tribunals have maintained their reserve to do mediation compulsory but have however continued to promote it, non least by the menace of costs countenances against parties who refuse an offer to intercede. In decision, it is true to state that ADR has been accorded a outstanding function in the reformed civil justness system since the debut of the Civil Procedure Rules, with their accent on judicial proceeding as a last resort. The usage of mediation has besides been greatly encouraged through instance jurisprudence and even reached a point when it was considered compulsory. Since so, nevertheless, the tribunals have retreated a small but however are still actively advancing the usage of mediation to decide differences. Bibliography Bailey C. A ; Datnow G. ‘Mediation from the Advocates Seat.’ 155 NLJ 728 2005 Brooker P. A ; Lavers A. ‘Commercial and Construction ADR: Lawyers Attitudes and Experience with Mediation.’ [ 2001 ] Civil Justice Quarterly, Vol. 20, 327-47 Brooker, P. A ; Lavers, A. ‘Mediation Results: Lawyers Experience with Mediation , Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Journal, ( 2005 ) Vol. 5 No.2, 161-213 Cornes, D. Commercial Mediation: the impact of the Courts ( 2007 ) 73 Arbitration 12-19 Gibson, W. ‘Mediate or Pay the Price.’ 157 NLJ, 166, 2007. Lightman, G. ‘Mediation: An Estimate to Justice.’ Vol 73, no. 4 Nov 2007, 400-402 Mackie, K. ‘Mediation Rocket Science.’ 156 NLJ 747, 2006. Prince, S. ‘Negotiating Mediation.’ 156 NLJ 262, 2006 Sautter, E. ‘Halsey: Mediation One Year On’ 155 NLJ 730, 2005 Sime, S. A Practical Approach to Civil Procedure. 10Thursdayedition. Oxford: OUP, 2007 Williams, V. Civil Procedure Handbook. Oxford: OUP, 2007 The European Convention on Human Rights ( ECHR ) was signed in 1950, coming into force in 1953. The large-scale maltreatment of human rights during this period gave rise to a desire to guarantee that in the hereafter, cardinal rights would be afforded equal protection. The Council of Europe produced the ECHR, a acknowledgment that international support was required if its purposes were to be realised. The UK Human Rights Act was passed 1998 and requires public governments to transport out their activities in a manner that is compatible with the Convention rights. ECHR rights are set out in a figure of Articles. Article 6 of the Convention provinces: â€Å"In the finding of his civil rights and duties or of any condemnable charge against him, everyone is entitled to a just and public hearing within a sensible clip by an independent and impartial court established by jurisprudence. Judgement shall be pronounced publically but the imperativeness and public may be excluded from all or portion of the test in the involvement of ethical motives, public order or national security in a democratic society.† [ 14 ] Article 6 applies non merely to tribunal proceedings but besides to other types of hearings including arbitration. Arbitration is a method of alternate difference declaration that enables parties to decide instances without resort to the tribunals. Arbitration involves an independent and impartial 3rd party or ‘arbitrator’ whose function it is to make up ones mind the result of the difference. Arbitration is normally used to settle consumer and industrial differences but is may besides be used to find others types of instances and so, many commercial contracts contain a clause that requires the usage of arbitration prior to the beginning of tribunal proceedings. The Arbitration Act 1996 sets out the model for the usage of arbitration. Section 1 of the Act provinces that â€Å" ( a ) the object of arbitration is to obtain the just declaration of differences by an impartial court without unneeded hold or disbursal ; ( B ) the parties should be free to hold how their differences are resolved, capable merely to such precautions as are necessary in the public involvement ; ( degree Celsius ) in affairs governed by this Part the tribunal should non step in except every bit provided by this Part.† [ 15 ] Arbitration, as an alternate declaration difference procedure, is by and large less formal than proceedings at tribunal. Arbiters can be more flexible than the tribunals in their attack and parties can hold a much greater say in the behavior of proceedings, so, it is normally the parties who will hold chosen the arbiter, or at least agreed upon how they are to be chosen. In footings of the arbitration proceedings themselves, the arbiter may make a determination without a hearing, based upon the documental grounds submitted by both sides. In other instances, there may be a full hearing, complete with witness testimony. Despite the less formal nature of the procedure, nevertheless, the determination of the arbiter will normally be lawfully adhering. The determination takes the signifier of an ‘award’ and will normally be accompanied with the grounds why it was made. The award will be enforced by the tribunals if necessary. Once an award has been made by the arbiter, there are few options for entreaty. Even a brief consideration of arbitration suggests that there is possible struggle with the procedure and the commissariats of Article 6 ECHR. Arbitration is normally conducted in private and therefore may conflict with the demand under Article 6 for a ‘public’ hearing. Additionally, depending upon the peculiar procedure employed, the choice of an arbiter may conflict with the demand that the tribunal hearing a instance must be ‘independent and impartial.’ In several recent instances, the tribunals have been asked to find whether the UK arbitrational procedure is compatible with Article 6 of the ECHR. In Stretford v Football Association Ltd and Another [ 2007 ] [ 16 ] the claimant was a football agent who faced Football Association disciplinary proceedings. The regulations of the Football Association contained an arbitration clause. Mr Stretford claimed that the disciplinary proceedings breached Article 6 of the ECHR in that the hearing was non held in public, the court was non independent and the judgement was non publically pronounced. The tribunal considered the instance of Placito v Slater [ 2003 ] , [ 17 ] in which it was held, following Deweer v Belgium [ 1980 ] , [ 18 ] that a party may relinquish assorted rights under Article 6. The release of any such rights, nevertheless, must be univocal and a party can non be compelled to relinquish them. The tribunal held that on the facts, the contract between the claimant and the suspect constituted a release by the claimant of his rights under Article 6. The tribunal held that the understanding was voluntary, the claimant was cognizant, or should hold been, of those commissariats and that his consent was hence univocal. Other affairs taken into history by the tribunal were that arbitration clauses were normally used in the featuring sphere to modulate the relationship between certain parties. To strike down such clauses would hold a wide-ranging consequence and it would non be in the public involvement to forestall parties from holding to arbitration if they so wished . In add-on, the Arbitration Act 1996 requires arbiters to stay both independent and impartial and any failure to make so can be challenged by tribunal proceedings under subdivision 68 of the Act. In Sumukan Ltd v Commonwealth Secretariat [ 2007 ] , [ 19 ] Sumukan had entered into a consultancy understanding with the suspect to supply services to the Namibian authorities. The contract contained an arbitration clause, which included the proviso for an arbiter to be appointed harmonizing to certain regulations specified by the suspect. An arbiter involved in the instance was non decently appointed under the regulations and as such, it was argued that the award was invalid. The tribunal agreed and set aside the original wages, remitting the instance to another, decently constituted tribunal. This instance may be cited as farther grounds that the UK arbitrational procedure is compatible with Article 6 of the ECHR since an abnormality in proceedings led to the puting aside of the award, showing that the tribunals are prepared to declare an award shut-in if the regulations of arbitration are non complied with. Thus the tribunals have clearly acted in a manner that is compatible with Article 6. In Shuttari Fawzia Amtul-Habib V Solicitor’s Indemnity Fund [ 2007 ] , [ 20 ] the Solictor’s Indemity Fund ( SIF ) refused to indemnify the canvasser claimant for claims made against her in 1997. The difference was made capable to the arbitration process laid out in the regulations of the SIF. The claimant indicated which party that she wished to be appointed as the arbiter in the affair. The instance was heard and an arbitration award was made against her. Assorted efforts at entreaty were made climaxing in an scrutiny of the affair by the Court of Appeal. The tribunal considered assorted facets of the instance, including the averment by the claimant that since rank of SIF was compulsory, she had non ‘freely agreed’ to the arbitration clause and hence her rights under Article 6 ECHR had been infringed. It was argued that this meant that the arbitration award was invalid. On the facts, the tribunal refused Mrs Shuttari permission to appeal, as she had no realistic chance of disputing the cogency of the arbitrator’s award. The tribunal took into history that she had instigated the arbitration process instead than tribunal proceedings to dispute its cogency and a one time the award had been made, her challenge to it under subdivision 68 of the Arbitration Act confirmed its cogency. Again, this instance recognised the cogency of the arbitration understanding and demonstrates the court’s reluctance to interfere with a decently conducted arbitration procedure. In decision, in visible radiation of recent judicial proceeding, it appears that although there is possible struggle, every bit long as the UK arbitrational procedure is right followed, it is compatible with Article 6 of the ECHR. The tribunals accept that parties are free to relinquish their rights under Article 6 every bit long as this is done unambiguously and without irresistible impulse. Bibliography Books/Journals Mackie, K. , Miles, D. , Marsh, W. A ; Allen, T. ADR Practice Guide. 3rd edition. Tottel Printing 2007 Marshall, E. Gill: The Law of Arbitration. 4Thursdayedition, London: Sweet A ; Maxwell 2001 Qureshi, K. ‘Arbitration and Article 6’ 157 NLJ 46-7 2007 Qureshi, K. ‘Growing Up Fast.’ 157 NLJ 586-7 2007 Turner, R. Arbitration Awards: A Practical Approach. London: Blackwell, 2005 Web sites ACAS At: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.acas.org.uk/ Accessed 15ThursdayMarch 2008 ADR Now At: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.adrnow.org.uk/go/SubSection1.html Accessed 15ThursdayMarch 2008 Chartered Institute of Arbiters At: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.arbitrators.org/ Accessed 15ThursdayMarch 2008 Legislative acts The Arbitration Act 1996 The European Convention on Human Rights The Human Rights Act 1998 1

Managing Activities to achieve results Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Managing Activities to achieve results - Essay Example NIKE’s mission statement is â€Å"to bring inspiration and inspiration to all athletes in the world, if you have a body, you are an athlete† (Epstein et al, 2012: p341). NIKE has a preference for using Environmentally Preferred materials, or EPM, which have a lower environmental impact on waste or water, energy, and chemistry. They contend that sustainable products can only be achieved via addressing the product materials, which they do by forging closer relationships with suppliers to ensure they deliver against their needs, for instance, sustainability. One way that NIKE optimizes material use is through the continuous assessment and reduction of overall numbers utilized in production. The focus also aids in management of complexities and cost in the supply chain and design phase. The shift from traditional materials to EPMs requires comprehension of the material characteristics and their availability. The structure of NIKE An organizational structure activities like supervision, coordination, and task allocation that are directed to achieving the aims and objectives of a company. Organizations are, basically, clustered entities with variations. Depending on objectives, the company can be structured in various ways, which determines its operative and performance mode (Daft et al, 2010: p34). It allows for the allocation of responsibilities with regards to various processes and functions to entities such as the individual, workgroup, department, and branch. It also affects the action of the organization by the provision of the foundation for standard procedures of operation and routine, as well as determination of the individuals who participate in decision making and shape the actions of the company (Daft et al, 2010: p35). NIKE has a matrix organizational structure, also known as the flat organizational structure (Epstein et al, 2012: p342). In the flat organization at NIKE, the employees report to the product or project teams that are led by p roduct managers and to the department manager. Every brand possesses a department with this department making independent decisions. The departments also have sub-departments that are responsible for mini-tasks in the department. The product team and managers are involved in decision making with regards to production and specifications with the managers at the department level involved, primarily, in issues to do with policy, for instance, sustainability (Epstein et al, 2012: p342). The production team is able to react and take decisions faster than traditional department heads as these are removed from the line of production. NIKE’s Vision A vision statement is definitive of what an organization will perform in the future, as well as why it will be in existence tomorrow with defined goals with set dates of accomplishment (Daft et al, 2010: p45). Vision statements involve the organization’s current status and acts as a direction on the path the organization wishes to t ake. It can also be useful as a marketing tool since it acts to announce the organization’s purpose and goals to the media, vendors, clients, suppliers, and employees. NIKE has a clear vision that entails decoupling growth of profits from resource constraints (Epstein et al, 2012: p345). The vision is one that views the world in transition to a sustainable economy from an industrial one with renewable

The Causes of World War III Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Causes of World War III - Essay Example For instance, the wake of World War I and World War II showed possibility of World War III. The use and testing of nuclear weapons and the commencement of Cold War as well as its development was enough evidence that there could be a possible World War III. This war was planned after anticipation by the civil authorities and military who explored in fiction in various countries. There were ranging concepts of destruction of the planet and even use of atomic weapons. Other leaders such as Podhoretz Norman has suggested that Cold War could be associated with World War III since it was fought on a global scale with United States, NATO, Warsaw Pact, and Soviet Union countries who provided military, political and economic support. However, World War III is today a popular culture and those who could start it forms perennial topics of discussion. Authors have talked about possible causes of the World War III while others have strongly disagreed and criticized. This paper therefore seeks to discuss why Wright Mills thought there could be World War III and the reason why under, military industrial complex that created elite in the United States trying to take power over, Ted Goertzel does not agree with Mill on his concept of the causes of the Third World War. According to Wright Mills, there were dire warnings on the imminence of the Third World War in the 1950s. As the world faces the nuclear weapons introduction, other critical authors as well as Wright Mills have exaggerated the weaknesses of the social civilian forces and the military power in the American society as the major anticipated causes of World War III. Since thirty years after Wright Mills published his book on the causes of the Third World War, there has been assertion of the mass society and the non nuclear conflicts which have remained the primary threats to the peace of the world. Wright Mills thinks in his book that the Third World War may be cause by the likely hood of militarism, arms race, nuclea r war, and the industrial military complex. Peace movements have however made attempts to calm the fears of emergence of World War III. Wright Mills goes ahead to warn that in the history of our instantaneous epoch, there is a likely hood of World War III emerging in the world. Mills believed in the imminence of nuclear catastrophe. In addition, other nuclear pacifists have also predicted occurrence of disaster for quite a long time. There were predictions of short time remaining just before a nuclear night comes to surface. According to Wright Mills, the explosion of the Soviet Union bomb is a likely indication that World War III may take place. He also thinks that the power elites of the Soviet Union and the United states back in the 1950s were thrusting relentlessly and mindlessly drifting towards war. He also developed the analysis’ implications on the survival of the planet and asserting that the power elite of the United States and their counterparts in Kremlin led the media manipulated and indifferent masses down the Armageddon through the primrose path (Ted, 1989). According Wright Mills, the industrial military complex increasingly dominated American life and should be seen in the indicators of the economy. The intervals of military that buildup in the last thirty years such as the Reagan and the Vietnam War years were exceptional and likely to suggest the emergence of the Third World War. Mill says that these two exceptional wars were as a result of political civilian forces. These were associated with ideological and political reasons and not at the military urging. The overwhelming pressure by the public against the military increasing spending may